Deep-dive tutorials, research breakdowns, and industry insights on steel, alloys, heat treatment, casting, and the science behind every metal.
From ferrous fundamentals to exotic superalloys — every branch of metallurgy covered.
Complete guide to the eutectoid reaction in steel (γ → α + Fe₃C at 0.77%C, 727°C). Covers cooperative ferrite-cementite growth, lamellar spacing, Avrami kinetics, colony formation, and the relationship to hypo- and hypereutectoid steels.
Complete guide to grain boundaries in metals. Covers low-angle tilt/twist boundaries, high-angle boundaries, CSL boundaries, grain boundary energy, solute segregation (P, S, B, H), Hall-Petch equation, and grain refinement.
Technical guide to steels for cryogenic service. Covers 9Ni steel for LNG storage, Invar (36Ni) for precision structures, and austenitic 304L/316L for liquid N₂/O₂ service — properties, fracture toughness, and design.
Technical guide to arc spraying and wire flame spraying. Covers arc spray process physics, ZnAl alloy wire for marine corrosion protection, mild steel overlay for dimensional restoration, and TSA (thermal-sprayed aluminium) for offshore.
Technical guide to investment casting of nickel superalloys. Covers wax injection, ceramic shell building, directional solidification (DS) and single crystal (SX) casting, grain selector, and common defect types.
Technical guide to underwater welding. Covers wet SMAW metallurgy challenges, porosity and cold cracking mechanisms, dry hyperbaric TIG and MIG for offshore pipelines, habitat systems, and weld quality considerations.