In-depth articles on metallurgy, materials science, and metal processing — written for engineers and learners alike.
Complete engineering tribology guide. Covers Stribeck curve, boundary/mixed/hydrodynamic lubrication, adhesive wear (Archard equation), abrasive wear, and material/coating selection for tribological applications.
Complete guide to martensite in steel. Covers diffusionless FCC→BCT transformation, Koistinen-Marburger equation, carbon content vs hardness relationship, lath vs plate morphology, and why tempering is essential.
Complete guide to bainite microstructure in steel. Covers upper bainite (350–550°C), lower bainite (250–350°C), formation mechanism, bainite vs tempered martensite toughness comparison, and industrial applications.
Technical guide to retained austenite in hardened steels. Covers formation mechanism, effect of carbon content on fraction retained, problems in bearings and tool steels, XRD measurement, and sub-zero cryogenic treatment.
Complete guide to acicular ferrite in steel weld metal. Covers intragranular nucleation at oxide/sulfide inclusions, interlocking needle morphology, CVN toughness compared to other weld microstructures, and inclusion chemistry requirements.
Complete technical guide to friction stir welding (FSW). Covers process physics, rotating tool shoulder and pin, material flow zones (TMAZ, HAZ, nugget), defects, and aerospace/automotive applications.
Technical guide to laser beam welding (LBW). Covers conduction vs keyhole mode, CO₂ and fibre laser comparison, beam focusing, weld geometry, porosity, and automotive tailor-welded blank applications.
Comprehensive guide to weld defects. Covers solidification cracks, porosity, lack of fusion, undercut, cold cracks, lamellar tears — causes, detection methods, and acceptance criteria per ISO 5817 and ASME IX.
Technical guide to metallic biomaterials for orthopaedic implants. Covers Co-Cr-Mo wear and corrosion, Ti-6Al-4V osseointegration, 316L stainless fretting, surface treatments, and ISO 5832 standards.
Complete guide to corrosion protection coating systems for steel. Covers surface preparation standards, epoxy primer, polyurethane topcoat, zinc-rich primers, hot-dip galvanising + paint (duplex), and performance testing.