In-depth articles on metallurgy, materials science, and metal processing — written for engineers and learners alike.
Comprehensive guide to weld defects. Covers solidification cracks, porosity, lack of fusion, undercut, cold cracks, lamellar tears — causes, detection methods, and acceptance criteria per ISO 5817 and ASME IX.
Technical guide to metallic biomaterials for orthopaedic implants. Covers Co-Cr-Mo wear and corrosion, Ti-6Al-4V osseointegration, 316L stainless fretting, surface treatments, and ISO 5832 standards.
Complete guide to corrosion protection coating systems for steel. Covers surface preparation standards, epoxy primer, polyurethane topcoat, zinc-rich primers, hot-dip galvanising + paint (duplex), and performance testing.
Complete guide to ferrite (α-iron) in steel. Covers BCC crystal structure, 0.022%C solubility limit, mechanical properties, proeutectoid ferrite, Hall-Petch strengthening, and role in structural steels.
Complete guide to austenite (γ-iron) in steel. Covers FCC structure, 2.14%C solubility, austenitising temperatures, retained austenite, austenite stability, and the central role of austenite in all steel heat treatments.
Complete guide to cementite (Fe₃C) in steel. Covers orthorhombic structure, 6.67%C composition, extreme hardness, role in pearlite and hypereutectoid steels, network cementite embrittlement, and spheroidise annealing.
Complete guide to uniform (general) corrosion. Covers electrochemical mechanism, weight loss measurement, corrosion rate in mpy/mm/year, inhibitor types, and industrial monitoring techniques.
Technical guide to reinforcing steel corrosion in concrete. Covers passive film in alkaline concrete, chloride threshold, carbonation, half-cell potential mapping, and CP for reinforced structures.
Technical guide to intergranular corrosion (IGC) and weld decay in austenitic stainless steels. Covers sensitisation mechanism, testing (ASTM A262), and prevention with L-grades and stabilised alloys.
Complete guide to zinc die casting. Covers Zamak 3, 5, and 7 alloy composition, hot-chamber die casting process, dimensional accuracy comparison with aluminium HPDC, and applications in automotive and consumer hardware.