Complete guide to tempering steel. Covers four stages of tempering, secondary hardening in tool steels, temper embrittlement in alloy steels, and tempered martensite embrittlement.
Technical guide to salt bath heat treatment. Covers neutral chloride salts, nitrate-nitrite quench baths, martempering in salt, and health/safety considerations.
Complete guide to TTT (Time-Temperature-Transformation) diagrams. Covers the C-curves, pearlite and bainite noses, Ms/Mf martensite lines, critical cooling rate, austempering, martempering, and how alloying elements shift the curves.
Complete guide to CCT (Continuous Cooling Transformation) diagrams. Covers differences from TTT, critical cooling rate, quench media comparison table, HAZ prediction for welding, and how to read a CCT diagram step by step.
Free case depth calculator for carburising, nitriding, and carbonitriding using Fick’s Second Law of diffusion. Predicts theoretical case depth from process time, temperature, diffusivity, and concentration boundary conditions.
Complete technical guide to induction hardening. Covers electromagnetic induction, skin depth, frequency selection, coil design, scan vs single-shot, and automotive crankshaft applications.
In-depth guide to vacuum heat treatment of tool steels. Covers furnace design, high-pressure gas quenching, distortion control, and metallurgical outcomes for H13, D2, and M2 grades.
Free Ms temperature calculator for steel. Uses Andrews (1965), Steven-Haynes (1956), and Barbier (2012) empirical equations to predict martensite start temperature from steel composition.
Free Ac1 and Ac3 critical temperature calculator for steel heat treatment design. Uses Andrews (1965) empirical equations to predict austenitising temperature range from steel composition.
Free Jominy hardenability calculator for steel. Estimates ideal critical diameter D_I and end-quench hardness profile from steel composition using the Grossmann method. Includes Jominy position to cooling rate and section size reference table.