Knowledge Base
Technical guide to Widmanstätten ferrite in steels. Covers sympathetic nucleation, intragranular vs grain boundary WF, ferrite side plates, effect on toughness, and controlling formation by heat input.
Detailed guide to martensite morphologies in steel. Covers lath martensite (low/medium C), plate martensite (high C), midrib, internal twinning, retained austenite, and relationship to hardness and toughness.
Technical guide to bainite microstructures in steel. Covers upper bainite, lower bainite, granular bainite, and martensite-austenite constituents — formation mechanisms, hardness, toughness, and industrial applications.
Guide to Widmanstätten ferrite in steel. Covers formation mechanism at moderate undercooling, HAZ appearance in welds, crystallographic orientation relationship with austenite, and detrimental effect on Charpy impact toughness.
Technical guide to retained austenite in hardened steels. Covers formation mechanism, effect of carbon content on fraction retained, problems in bearings and tool steels, XRD measurement, and sub-zero cryogenic treatment.
Complete guide to bainite microstructure in steel. Covers upper bainite (350–550°C), lower bainite (250–350°C), formation mechanism, bainite vs tempered martensite toughness comparison, and industrial applications.
Complete guide to martensite in steel. Covers diffusionless FCC→BCT transformation, Koistinen-Marburger equation, carbon content vs hardness relationship, lath vs plate morphology, and why tempering is essential.
Complete guide to pearlite microstructure in steel. Covers eutectoid reaction at 727°C, lamellar interlamellar spacing vs temperature, hardness, applications in rails and high-strength wire, and fine vs coarse pearlite.
Complete guide to point defects in metals. Covers Schottky vacancies, interstitial and substitutional atoms, equilibrium vacancy concentration, solid solution types, and role of defects in diffusion and strengthening.
Complete guide to dislocations in metals. Covers edge and screw dislocation types, Burgers vector, dislocation density, Taylor equation, strengthening mechanisms, and Frank-Read multiplication sources.