In-depth articles on metallurgy, materials science, and metal processing — written for engineers and learners alike.
Technical guide to Widmanstätten ferrite in steels. Covers sympathetic nucleation, intragranular vs grain boundary WF, ferrite side plates, effect on toughness, and controlling formation by heat input.
Guide to Widmanstätten ferrite in steel. Covers formation mechanism at moderate undercooling, HAZ appearance in welds, crystallographic orientation relationship with austenite, and detrimental effect on Charpy impact toughness.