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Welding Metallurgy

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Calculators

Weld Fillet Size Calculator — Minimum Size and Load-Based Design per AWS D1.1 and EN 1993-1-8

Free weld fillet size calculator per AWS D1.1 and EN 1993-1-8 Eurocode 3. Calculates minimum fillet weld leg size from plate thickness and required fillet size from applied shear load and weld length.

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Calculators

Welding Preheat Temperature Calculator — EN 1011-2 CEN Method B

Free online welding preheat temperature calculator per EN 1011-2 CEN Method B. Enter steel composition, thickness, and hydrogen content to get minimum preheat temperature for cold-crack prevention.

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Calculators

Carbon Equivalent Calculator — CE(IIW) and Pcm Online Tool

Free online carbon equivalent calculator. Computes CE(IIW) and Pcm from steel composition with weldability classification. Essential tool for welding engineers and fabricators.

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Welding Metallurgy

Weld Procedure Qualification (PQR): Mechanical Testing and ISO 15614-1

Complete guide to weld procedure qualification per ISO 15614-1. Covers essential variables, test weld execution, required mechanical tests (tensile, bend, Charpy, hardness), and range of qualification approval.

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Welding Metallurgy

Vacuum Brazing: Filler Metals, Joint Design, and Stainless Steel Heat Exchangers

Complete guide to vacuum and inert atmosphere brazing. Covers BNi, BAg, and BCu filler selection, joint clearance design, furnace cycles, and applications in stainless heat exchangers, carbide tooling, and aerospace.

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Welding Metallurgy

Post-Weld Heat Treatment (PWHT): Purpose, Temperature, and Standards

Complete guide to post-weld heat treatment (PWHT). Covers stress relief, tempering of HAZ martensite, ASME VIII requirements, temperature ranges by material, and PWHT procedure qualification.

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Welding Metallurgy

Heat-Affected Zone in Steel Welds: Microstructure, Hardness, and Cold Cracking

Detailed technical guide to the heat-affected zone (HAZ) in steel welds. Covers CGHAZ, FGHAZ, hardness gradients, cold cracking susceptibility, preheat calculation, and NACE limits.

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Welding Metallurgy

Welding Austenitic Stainless Steel: Sensitisation, Hot Cracking, and Filler Selection

Technical guide to welding austenitic stainless steels. Covers sensitisation, carbide precipitation, delta ferrite, hot cracking, WRC diagram, and filler metal selection for 304, 316, and 321.

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Welding Metallurgy

SMAW, GMAW, FCAW, and SAW: Selecting the Right Welding Process

Comprehensive comparison of SMAW, GMAW, FCAW, and SAW welding processes. Covers deposition rate, positional capability, heat input, metallurgical quality, and process selection criteria.

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Welding Metallurgy

Preheat and Interpass Temperature in Structural Steel Welding

Technical guide to preheat and interpass temperature requirements in structural steel welding. Covers CE calculation, hydrogen scale, thickness effects, and practical control methods.