In-depth articles on metallurgy, materials science, and metal processing — written for engineers and learners alike.
Free online welding preheat temperature calculator per EN 1011-2 CEN Method B. Enter steel composition, thickness, and hydrogen content to get minimum preheat temperature for cold-crack prevention.
Free online carbon equivalent calculator. Computes CE(IIW) and Pcm from steel composition with weldability classification. Essential tool for welding engineers and fabricators.
Step-by-step tutorial on calculating minimum preheat temperature for structural steel welding. Uses CEN carbon equivalent and EN 1011-2 Annex C formula with worked examples for S355 and S690.
Detailed technical guide to the heat-affected zone (HAZ) in steel welds. Covers CGHAZ, FGHAZ, hardness gradients, cold cracking susceptibility, preheat calculation, and NACE limits.
Technical guide to preheat and interpass temperature requirements in structural steel welding. Covers CE calculation, hydrogen scale, thickness effects, and practical control methods.