In-depth articles on metallurgy, materials science, and metal processing — written for engineers and learners alike.
Complete guide to linepipe steels for oil and gas. Covers API 5L PSL1/PSL2 X65/X70 grades, hydrogen-induced cracking (HIC) testing per NACE TM0284, SSC resistance, and microstructural requirements.
Detailed technical guide to the heat-affected zone (HAZ) in steel welds. Covers CGHAZ, FGHAZ, hardness gradients, cold cracking susceptibility, preheat calculation, and NACE limits.
Technical guide to preheat and interpass temperature requirements in structural steel welding. Covers CE calculation, hydrogen scale, thickness effects, and practical control methods.